ESD separates a superficial lesion from the deeper wall in one piece
The endoscopist marks the lesion, injects beneath it, makes a mucosal incision and carefully dissects the submucosal layer. En-bloc removal helps pathologists assess margins and depth.
Suitability depends on size, location, fibrosis, ulceration and the estimated chance of deep invasion or lymph-node spread. ESD is technically demanding and not equivalent to routine polypectomy.
A completely removed lesion may still need surgery if invasion, lymphatic or vascular involvement or other high-risk features exceed accepted criteria.
Who may be considered?
Specialist review may help when the diagnosis, symptoms and previous treatment create a focused question about endoscopic submucosal dissection.
- Selected early esophageal or gastric cancer confined to superficial layers.
- A large colorectal lesion suitable for organ-preserving en-bloc resection.
- A lesion where piecemeal removal would impair staging.
- A patient assessed in a centre with advanced endoscopic and surgical backup.
What the specialist team must confirm
Review includes high-definition endoscopy, lesion morphology, targeted biopsy, chromoendoscopy or magnification, EUS or cross-sectional staging when appropriate, prior attempted resection, anticoagulation, comorbidity and access to pathology and emergency surgery.
Key points for this treatment

From optical diagnosis to pathology-defined cure
ESD is selected when complete endoscopic staging and organ preservation are plausible without delaying necessary surgery.
Healing and pathology both require follow-up
Aftercare varies by organ and may include fasting, acid suppression, observation and staged diet. Bleeding or perforation can occur during or after the procedure.
The pathology report should state size, histology, depth, margins and lymphovascular invasion. Surveillance or additional surgery follows that risk assessment.

Risks, limits and realistic expectations
Risks include bleeding, perforation, post-procedure pain, infection, stricture and need for emergency surgery. ESD does not treat lymph-node disease and may be noncurative on final pathology.
Severe chest or abdominal pain, fever, vomiting blood, black stool, fainting or breathing difficulty after ESD requires urgent local care.
